On Explaining Why the (Human) World is Rich
European Economic Review, Volume 174, May 2025, 104969.
The wealth of the modern world is a natural historical marvel. Explaining it has traditionally been the purview of economic historians, as exemplified by the recent book How the World Became Rich by Mark Koyama and Jared Rubin. But economic historians tend to only ask process-oriented “how” questions and “by what means” questions of the Great Enrichment. The eight co-authors of Explaining Technology, who are not economic historians, engage in the debate asking a different question. Their goal is to explain the exponential shape of our enrichment with a model of the combinatorial evolution of technology. With an eye toward how we ask questions of the Great Enrichment, I propose broadening our inquiries to include questions typically overlooked in modern economic science, namely, “What form does it take? and “For what purpose?”
Sympathy with Resentment: Willingness to Report Criminal Behavior Depends on the Punishment
Public Choice, forthcoming, with Jason Aimone, Lucas Rentschler, and Vernon Smith.
Adam Smith’s theory of justice holds that the appropriate punishment for a misdeed is determined, in part, by the sympathy elicited on behalf of the victim. Specifically, Smith states that: “…our first approbation of punishment is not founded upon the regard to public utility…it is our sympathy with the resentment of the sufferer…” (Smith, 1978: 475). To demonstrate his point, Smith relates an anecdote in which civilians were unwilling to report wrongdoing because the offender’s punishment was far too extreme. In this paper, we employ a laboratory experiment to investigate whether the willingness to report a crime diminishes when the severity of the punishment is dramatically elevated. Our findings reveal, as predicted by Smith, that a steep increase in the severity of the punishment indeed reduces the likelihood of individuals reporting offenders. Interestingly, that effect is not foreseen by potential offenders, who, in response to the more severe expected punishment, reduce their propensities to commit offenses.
The Symbolic Work of Prices
Review of Austrian Economics, 37(2), June 2024, with Akash Miharia and Jan Osborn. (Lead article)
We posit that prices are signs, not just signals, that work in the same symbolic way as words. Both are complex, generative systems of meaning shared in human societies that rely on a web of intricate symbolic references. Just like the meaning of a word is a product of our social and linguistic action, the meaning of a price is a product of our relationship to the physical world phenomena of people in markets for goods and services. The fundamental conception of both is to communicate and construct worlds with ourselves and others, enabling us to act in the world. Prices, like words, do symbolic work.
Territory in the State of Nature
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 219, March 2024, with Jordan Adamson.
In this paper we examine territorial behavior in the ecological conditions that foster conflict. We develop an economic model that isolates the effects of resource skew on territorial ranges, as well as their interactions with unequal appropriation abilities. We then conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test the predictions of our model and find that observed behavior tends to cluster around the equilibrium predictions and that all comparative statics have the predicted sign. Additionally, we find that equally strong appropriators select more exclusive and less overlapping ranges than what is predicted with symmetric resources, while weaker appropriators choose more engulfed ranges than what is predicted with skewed resources.
What Did Adam Smith Mean? The Semantics of the Opening Key Principles in the “Wealth of Nations”
in Interpreting Adam Smith: Critical Essays, Paul Sagar (ed.), Cambridge University Press, September 2023, with Gian Marco Farese.
The Bourgeois Virtues in "Deadwood": Challenging American Ideology
in Show and Biz: The Market Economy in TV Series and Popular Culture (2000–2020), María Blanco and Alberto Mingardi (eds.), Bloomsbury Academic, July 2023, with Nicholas A. Callen, Jan Osborn, Max Schartz, and Colin White.
Comparative Economics: How Studying Other Primates Helps Us Better Understand the Evolution of Our Own Economic Decision-Making
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378(1876), May 2023, with Sarah F. Brosnan.
A Theory of Sociality, Morality, and Monsters: Adam Smith and Mary Shelley
Adam Smith Review, 13, April 2023, with Jan Osborn, Mitchell Briggs, Alison M. Lee, and Alec Moss.
Property Rights Aren’t Primary; Ideas Are
Journal of Institutional Economics, 19(2), April 2023.
The Primacy of Property; Or, The Subordination of Property Rights
Journal of Institutional Economics, 19(2), April 2023.
A property right, the standard view maintains, is a proper subset of the most complete and comprehensive set of incidents for full ownership of a thing. The subsidiary assumption is that the pieces that are property rights compose the whole that is ownership or property, i.e., that property rights explain property. In reversing the standard view I argue that (1) a custom of intelligent and meaningful human action explains property and that (2) as a custom, property is a historical process of selecting actions conditional on the context. My task is to explain how a physical world of human bodies with minds that feel, think, know, and want gives rise to a custom of property with meaning and purpose. Property is primary because ideas are primary.
A Universally Translatable Explication of Adam Smith’s Famous Proposition on “The Extent of the Market”
Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 44(3), September 2022, with Gian Marco Farese.
Rule-Following
in The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, C.M. Melenovsky (ed.), Routledge, 2022, with Erik Kimbrough.
Anything for a Cheerio: Brown Capuchins (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) Consistently Coordinate in an Assurance Game for Unequal Payoffs
American Journal of Primatology, 83(10), October 2021, with Lauren M. Robinson, María Martínez, Kelly L. Leverette, and Sarah F. Brosnan.
No Mere Tautology: The Division of Labour is Limited by the Division of Labour
Oxford Economic Papers, 73(1), January 2021, with Andrew Smyth.
A Simple, Ecologically Rational Rule for Settling Found Property Disputes
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 178, October 2020.
Consistent Differences in a Virtual World Model of Ape Societies
Scientific Reports, 10 (14075), August 2020, with Sarah Brosnan, Elizabeth Londsdorf, and Crickette Sanz.
Auctions in Near Continuous Time
Experimental Economics, 23(1), March 2020, with Cary A. Deck.
Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) Play Nash Equilibria, But Their Decisions Are Not Likely Influenced by Oxytocin
American Journal of Primatology, 81(4), April 2019, with Mackenzie F. Smith, Kelly Leverett, and Sarah F. Brosnan.
Becoming Just by Eliminating Injustice: The Emergence of Property in Virtual Economies
In Justice, Mark LeBar (Ed.), Oxford University Press, 2018.
Experimental Tests of the Tolerated Theft and Risk-Reduction Theories of Resource Exchange
Nature Human Behaviour, 2(6), June 2018, with Hillard S. Kaplan, Eric Schniter, and Vernon L. Smith.
Equilibrium Play in Voluntary Ultimatum Games: Beneficence Cannot Be Exhorted
Games and Economic Behavior, 109, May 2018, with Vernon L. Smith.
Human and Monkey Responses in a Symmetric Game of Conflict with Asymmetric Equilibria
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 142, October 2017, with Sarah F. Brosnan, Sara A. Price, Kelly Leverett, Laurent Prétôt, and Michael Beran.
The Welfare Effects of Civil Forfeiture
Review of Behavioral Economics, 4(2), September 2017, with Michael Preciado.
* A video demonstration of the software is available here.
“Sentiments”, Conduct, and Trust in the Laboratory
Social Philosophy and Policy, 34(1), July 2017, with Vernon L. Smith.
Smile, Dictator, You’re on Camera
Southern Economic Journal, 84(1), July 2017, with Joy Buchanan, Matt McMahon, and Matthew Simpson.
* A video of the dictator decisions is available here
Language and Cooperation in Hominin Scavenging
Evolution and Human Behavior, 38(3), May 2017, with Samuel R. Harris
* A video demonstration of the software is also available here
Commerce Unbound: A Modern Promethean Story
Annual Proceedings of the Wealth and Well-being of Nations, 9, 2017, with Jan Osborn and Gus P. Gradinger.
The Clash of Aristocratic and Bourgeois Virtues in “The Wire”
In Teaching The Wire: Frameworks, Theories and Strategies for the Classroom, Tia Gaynor and Jocelyn Taliaferro (Eds.), Mcfarland & Co, 2016, with Gus P. Gradinger.
Humankind in Civilization's Extended Order: A Tragedy, The First Part
Supreme Court Economic Review, 23(1), 2016
The Meaning of Deceive in Experimental Economic Science
In The Oxford Handbook of Professional Economic Ethics, George DeMartino and Deirdre McCloskey (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2016.
Further Towards a Theory of the Emergence of Property
Public Choice, 163(1-2), April 2015.
Conduct in Narrativized Trust Games
Southern Economic Journal, 81(3), January 2015, with Jan Osborn and Bradley R. Sherwood.
An Experiment on Protecting Intellectual Property
Experimental Economics, 17(4), December 2014, with Joy Buchanan.
* A video demonstration of the software is available here
Horizontal Product Differentiation in Auctions and Multilateral Negotiations
Economica, 81(324), October 2014, with Charles J. Thomas.
Differential Responding by Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and Humans (Homo sapiens) to Variable Outcomes in the Assurance Game
Animal Behavior and Cognition, 1(3), August 2014, with Audrey E. Parrish, Sarah F. Brosnan, and Michael J. Beran.
* Lead article
Fair and Impartial Spectators in Experimental Economic Behavior
Review of Behavioral Economics, 1(1), January 2014, with Vernon L. Smith.
* Lead article
War of Attrition: Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment on Market Exit
Economic Inquiry, 51(4), October 2013, Ryan Oprea and Arthur Zillante.
Comparative Approaches to Studying Strategy: Towards an Evolutionary Account of Primate Decision Making
Evolutionary Psychology, 11(3), July 2013, with Sarah F. Brosnan, Michael J. Beran, Audrey E. Parrish, and Sara A. Price.
Insiders, Outsiders, and the Adaptability of Informal Rules to Ecological Shocks
Ecological Economics, 90, June 2013, with Erik O. Kimbrough.
Go West Young Man: Self-Selection and Endogenous Property Rights
Southern Economic Journal, 79(4), April 2013, with Taylor Jaworski.
Violence, Access, and Competition in the Market for Protection
European Journal of Political Economy, 29(1), March 2013, with Douglas B. Rogers and Adam C. Smith.
*Lead article
The Ecological and Civil Mainsprings of Property: An Experimental Economic History of Whalers’ Rules of Capture
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 28(4), October 2012, with Taylor Jaworski, Karl Schurter, and Andrew Smyth.
* Awarded the 2012 Oliver E. Williamson prize for best article for all papers accepted in 2011
* A video demonstration of the software is available here
Risk and the Evolution of Human Exchange
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1740), 7 August 2012, with Hillard Kaplan, Eric Schniter, and Vernon L. Smith.
The Primacy of Entrepreneurs in Exploiting Long-Distance Exchange
Managerial and Decision Economics, 33(5), July-September 2012, with Erik O. Kimbrough.
Old World Monkeys are More Similar to Humans than New World Monkeys When Playing a Coordination Game
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1733), 22 April 2012, published ahead of print 9 November 2011, with Sarah F. Brosnan and Michael J. Beran.
Contra Private Fairness
American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(2), April 2012.
* Here’s my ReasonTV interview on YouTube (7/30/2010)
Anarchy, Groups, and Conflict: An Experiment on the Emergence of Protective Associations
Social Choice and Welfare, 38(2), February 2012, with Adam C. Smith and David B. Skarbek.
The Territorial Foundations of Human Property
Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(5), September 2011, with Peter DeScioli.
* Lead article
Geography and Social Networks in Nascent Distal Exchange
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 167(3), September 2011, with Erik O. Kimbrough.
* Lead article
Responses to the Assurance Game in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans Using Equivalent Procedures
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, February 7, 2011 Early Edition, with Sarah F. Brosnan, Audrey Parrish, Michael J. Beran, Timothy Flemming, Lisa Heimbauer, Catherine Talbot, Susan P. Lambeth, and Steven J. Schapiro
Using Experimental Economics to Understand Competition
In Competition Policy And The Economic Approach: Foundations and Limitations, Josef Drexl and Rupprecht Podszun (eds.), Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011.
Discovering Economics in the Classroom with Experimental Economics and the Scottish Enlightenment
International Review of Economics Education, 9(2), November 2010, with Taylor Jaworski and Vernon L. Smith.
An Experimental Analysis of the Demand for Payday Loans
The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 10(1) (Topics), Article 93. DOI: 10.2202/1935-1682.2563, October 2010, with David W. Findlay, James W. Meehan Jr., Charissa Wellford, and Karl Schurter.
Exchange, Theft, and the Social Formation of Property
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 74(3), June 2010, with Erik O. Kimbrough and Vernon L. Smith.
More Information, More Ripoffs: Experiments with Public and Private Information in Markets with Asymmetric Information
Review of Industrial Organization, 36(1), February 2010, with Arthur Zillante.
* Lead article
Social Preferences Aren’t Preferences
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 73(1), January 2010.
Exchange and Specialisation as a Discovery Process
Economic Journal, 119, July 2009, with Sean Crockett and Vernon L. Smith.
Justice and Fairness in the Dictator Game
Southern Economic Journal, 79(1), July 2009, with Karl Schurter.
Incremental Approaches to Establishing Trust
Experimental Economics, 11(4), December 2008, with Robert Kurzban and Mary Rigdon.
Language Games of Reciprocity
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68(2), November 2008.
Experimental Gasoline Markets
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68(1), July 2008, with Cary A. Deck
Historical Property Rights, Sociality, and the Emergence of Impersonal Exchange in Long-distance Trade
American Economic Review, 98(3), June 2008, with Erik O. Kimbrough and Vernon L. Smith.
* An appendix summarizing each economy is available here
An Experimental Investigation of Hobbesian Jungles
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 66(3), June 2008, with Benjamin Powell.
Building a Market: From Personal to Impersonal Exchange
In Moral Markets: The Critical Role of Values in the Economy, P. Zak (ed.), Princeton U Press, 2008, with Erik Kimbrough and Vernon L. Smith.
Strategic Buyers, Horizontal Mergers and Synergies: An Experimental Investigation
International Journal of Industrial Organization, 26(3), May 2008, with Douglas D. Davis.
Economics Works! Experiments in High School Classrooms
Journal of Private Enterprise, 23(2), Spring 2008, with Stephen L. Jackstadt and Paul Johnson.
Second Chance Offers vs. Sequential Auctions: Theory and Behavior
Economic Theory, 34(1), January 2008, with Timothy C. Salmon.
Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium Predictions as a Means of Organizing Behavior in Posted-Offer Market Experiments
In Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, C. Plott and V. L. Smith (eds.), Elsevier Science, 2008, with Douglas D. Davis.
An Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Automated Mitigation Procedures on Investment and Prices in Wholesale Electricity Markets
Journal of Regulatory Economics, 31(3), June 2007, with Lynne Kiesling.
Experimental Economics and Antitrust: What Can We Learn from Laboratory Markets?
Antitrust, 21(2), Spring, 2007.
* Invited by the editors
Exclusionary Bundling and the Effects of a Competitive Fringe
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 163, March 2007, with Anil Caliskan, David Porter, Stephen Rassenti, and Vernon L. Smith.
Equilibrium Price Dispersion, Mergers and Synergies: An Experimental Investigation of Differentiated Product Competition
International Journal of the Economics of Business, 13(2), July 2006, with Douglas D. Davis.
Tracking Customer Search to Price Discriminate
Economic Inquiry, 44(2), April 2006, with Cary A. Deck.
Raising Revenues for Charity: Auctions versus Lotteries
In Research in Experimental Economics, Vol. 11, D.D. Davis and R. M. Isaac (eds.), JAI (Elsevier Science), 2006, with Douglas D. Davis, Laura Razzolini, and Robert Reilly.
Verifiable Offers and the Relationship Between Auctions and Multilateral Negotiations
Economic Journal, 115, October 2005, with Charles J. Thomas.
Auction Markets for Evaluations
Southern Economic Journal, 72(1), July 2005, with Cary A. Deck.
Market Power and Price Movements over the Business Cycle
Journal of Industrial Economics, 53(2), June 2005, with Stanley Reynolds.
* Lead article
Differentiated Product Competition and the Antitrust Logit Model
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 57(1), May 2005, with Douglas D. Davis.
Teaching E-commerce Through the Use of Real-Time Interactive Laboratory Experiments
International Journal of Information and Operations Management Education, 1(1), 2005, with Roumen Vragov.
How Applicable is the Dominant Firm Model of Price Leadership?
Experimental Economics, 7(3), October 2004, with Stephen J. Rassenti.
Cost Structures and Nash Play in Repeated Cournot Games
Experimental Economics, 6(2), October 2003, with Douglas D. Davis and Robert J. Reilly.
Automated Pricing Rules in Electronic Posted Offer Markets
Economic Inquiry, 41(2), April 2003, with Cary A. Deck.
Bidding Strategies in Single-Unit Auctions
In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, L. Nadel (ed.), Macmillan Publishers (Nature Publishing Group), 2003.
Discriminatory Price Auctions in Electricity Markets
Journal of Regulatory Economics, 23(2), March 2003, with Stephen J. Rassenti and Vernon L. Smith.
* Lead article
Controlling Market Power and Price Spikes in Electricity Networks: Demand-Side Bidding
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(5), March 4, 2003, with Stephen J. Rassenti and Vernon L. Smith.
* Cover article
The Effectiveness of Low Price Matching in Mitigating the Competitive Pressure of Low Friction Electronic Markets
Electronic Commerce Research, 2(4), November 2002, with Cary A. Deck.
A Comparison of Auctions and Multilateral Negotiations
RAND Journal of Economics, 33(1), Spring, 2002, with Charles J. Thomas.
Collusion in Procurement Auctions: An Experimental Examination
Economic Inquiry, 40(2), April 2002, with Douglas D. Davis.
Experimental Methods and Antitrust Policy
In Research in Experimental Economics: Experiments Investigating Market Power, Vol. 9, R. M. Isaac and C. Holt (eds.), JAI (Elsevier Science), 2002, with Douglas D. Davis.
Using Experiments to Inform the Privatization/Deregulation Movement in Electricity
The Cato Journal, 21(3), Winter, 2002, with Stephen J. Rassenti and Vernon L. Smith.
Incremental Commitment and Reciprocity in a Real Time Public Goods Game
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(12), December 2001, with Robert O. Kurzban, Kevin McCabe, and Vernon L. Smith.
Turning Off the Lights
Regulation, 24(3), Fall 2001, with Stephen J. Rassenti and Vernon L. Smith.
Interactions of Automated Pricing Algorithms: An Experimental Investigation
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce 2000 (EC-00), October 2000, with Cary A. Deck.
* 17% acceptance rate.
Firm-Specific Cost Savings and Market Power
Economic Theory, 16(3), November 2000, with Douglas D. Davis.
Bertrand-Edgeworth Competition, Demand Uncertainty, and Asymmetric Outcomes
Journal of Economic Theory, 92(1), May 2000, with Stanley S. Reynolds.
Design Comparisons for Procurement Systems
SIGecom Exchanges, 1.1, Summer 2000, with Charles J. Thomas.
Structural Features that Contribute to Market Power in Electric Power Networks
Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, 2000, with Stephen J. Rassenti and Vernon L. Smith.
* Received Best Paper Nomination
What Collusion? Unilateral Market Power as a Catalyst for Countercyclical Markups
Experimental Economics, 1(2), September 1998.
Menu Costs and Nominal Price Friction: An Experimental Examination
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 35(3), April 1998.